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1 Constitution Day
1) см Citizenship Day2) Государственный праздник Пуэрто-Рико [ Puerto Rico], отмечаемый ежегодно 25 июля.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Constitution Day
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2 Constitution Day
Политика: День Конституции -
3 Constitution Day
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4 day
n1) день; определенный день; определенное число; (календарная) дата2) решающий день; битва, сражение•to carry the day — одержать победу; взять верх
to get the day — одержать победу; взять верх
to have an up-and-down day — колебаться (о ценах, о курсе акций, валюты)
- Africa's Liberation Dayto win the day — одержать победу; взять верх
- AIDS Day
- Armed Forces Day
- Armistice Day
- business day
- calendar day
- Christmas Day
- Columbus Day
- Commonwealth Day
- Constitution Day
- Cosmonautics Day
- crucial day for smb
- day of reckoning
- D-day
- declaration day
- Discovery Day
- Dominion Day
- Earth Day
- election day
- Election Day
- evil day
- Father's Day
- Flag Day
- Forefather's Day
- great day for smb
- Human Rights Day
- Inauguration Day
- Independence Day
- International Day of the Child
- International Human Rights Day
- International Woman's Day
- Judgment Day - Land Day
- Lord's day
- May Day
- M-day
- Memorial Day
- Mother's Day
- National Day of Freedom and Human Rights
- national day of mourning
- national day of protest
- National Day
- national polling day
- nationwide day of action
- New Years' Day
- opening day of the trial
- pay day
- Pioneer Day
- polling day
- red-letter day
- Republic Day
- shortened working day
- sitting day
- St. Patrick's Day
- Thanksgiving Day
- the black day in the history of the world
- the first one hundred days in office
- traveling days
- United Nations Day
- Valentine's Day
- VE-D.
- Veterans Day
- Victory Day
- Victory in Europe Day
- Victory over Japan Day
- V-J D.
- week day
- working day
- World Anti-Drugs Day
- World Environment Day
- World Youth Day -
5 Constitution Plaza
Конститьюшн-Плаза, центральная площадь в Хартфорде ( штат Коннектикут). Ежегодно здесь сразу же после Дня благодарения [*Thanksgiving Day] проводится Фестиваль огней [Festival of Lights]. Когда зажигаются тысячи крошечных белых огоньков (их включает ребёнок, выигравший это право в специальной лотерее), неожиданно на вертолёте появляется Санта-Клаус. Он садится на крышу самого высокого здания и спускается вниз в люльке мойщика окон, переделанной в саниСША. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Constitution Plaza
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6 Citizenship Day
Отмечается 17 сентября в соответствии с законом 1952. Заменил собой ранее отмечавшиеся дни "Я американец" [I Am an American Day] (третье воскресенье мая) и День конституции [ Constitution Day] (17 сентября). На этот день часто назначаются церемонии принятия гражданства [ oath of allegiance]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Citizenship Day
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7 Election Day
Установлен в первый вторник после первого понедельника в ноябре. Положение о единой дате проведения общенациональных выборов содержится в статье II, разделе 1 Конституции [ Constitution, U.S.], согласно которой эта дата определяется Конгрессом [ Congress, U.S.]. До 1845 единой даты президентских выборов не было. В 1872 было решено проводить в тот же день выборы в Палату представителей [ House of Representatives], а в 1914 - и в Сенат [ Senate, U.S.]. Вторник был выбран с учетом интересов граждан, не желающих голосовать в воскресенье по религиозным соображениям, но в настоящее время многие настаивают на переносе даты выборов с рабочего дня на выходнойEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Election Day
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8 state holiday
Официальный праздник, отмечаемый в одном или нескольких штатах. Каждый штат самостоятельно утверждает количество праздничных (нерабочих) дней в году, календарные даты и номенклатуру праздников. Официальными праздниками штатов являются: в штате Айова - [ Youth Honor Day], Алабама - [ Confederate Memorial Day; Jefferson Davis's Birthday; Robert E. Lee's Birthday; Thomas Jefferson's Birthday], Аляска - [ Alaska Day; Seward's Day], Аризона - [ American Family Day], Арканзас - [ General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Day; Robert E. Lee's Birthday], Вашингтон - [ Day after Thanksgiving], Вермонт - [ Bennington Battle Day, Town Meeting Day], Вирджиния - [Lee-Jackson-King Day], Висконсин - [ Leif Ericsson Day], Гавайи - [ Admission Day; Kamehameha Day; Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Day], Делавэр - [ Delaware Day, Separation Day], Джорджия - [ Confederate Memorial Day; Georgia Day; Jefferson Davis's Birthday], Западная Вирджиния - [ West Virginia Day], Иллинойс - [ Casimir Pulaski's Birthday], Индиана - [ General Pulaski Memorial Day; Senior Citizens Day], Калифорния - [ Admission Day], Кентукки - [ Confederate Memorial Day; Franklin D. Roosevelt's Birthday; Robert E. Lee's Birthday], Колорадо - [Colorado Day], Луизиана - [ All Saints' Day; Jackson Day, Battle of New Orleans Day; Confederate Memorial Day; Huey P. Long Day], Массачусетс - [ Bunker Hill Day, Evacuation Day; Patriots' Day], Миннесота - [ Day after Thanksgiving; Frances Willard Day; Leif Ericsson Day; Minnesota Day; Susan B. Anthony's Day], Миссисипи - [ Confederate Memorial Day; Jefferson Davis's Birthday; Robert E. Lee's Birthday], Миссури - [ Truman Day], Мэн - [ Day after Thanksgiving; Patriots' Day], Мэриленд - [ Defenders' Day; Maryland Day], Небраска - [ Arbor Day; Day after Thanksgiving], Невада - [ Nevada Day], Нью-Хэмпшир - [ Fast Day], Нью-Йорк - [ Verrazano Day], Оклахома - [ Cherokee Strip Day; Indian Day; Oklahoma Day; Oklahoma Heritage Week; Oklahoma Historical Day; Senior Citizens Day; Thomas Jefferson's Birthday; Will Rogers Day, Youth Day], Пенсильвания - [ Flag Day], Род-Айленд - [ Rhode Island Independence Day; Victory Day], Северная Каролина - [ Easter Monday; Mecklenburg Independence Day; Patriots' Day]; Теннесси [Nathan Bedford Forest's Birthday], Техас - [ Confederate Heroes Day; Emancipation Day; Lyndon B. Johnson's Birthday; San Jacinto Day; Texas Independence Day], Флорида - [ Confederate Memorial Day; Day after Thanksgiving; Jefferson Davis's Birthday, Pascua Florida Day; Robert E. Lee's Birthday; Susan B. Anthony's Day], Южная Каролина - [ Jefferson Davis's Birthday; Robert E. Lee's Birthday], Юта - [ Arbor Day, Pioneer Day], Пуэрто-Рико - [ Abolition Day, Barbosa's Birthday; Constitution Day, De Diego's Birthday, De Hostos' Birthday; Discovery Day, Munoz Riviera's Birthday, Three Kings' Day]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > state holiday
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9 Poland
(POL) Конфедерация (зона): UEFA Участие в чемпионатах мира ФИФА: 6 (1938, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 2002) Чемпионы мира: None Столица: Warsaw Население: 38646023 (2000) Рейтинг по населению: 16 * Территория: 312685 Рейтинг по территории: 18 * Валовый внутренний продукт (ВВП) на душу населения: 8500 Рейтинг по ВВП: 19 * Официальный(ые) язык(и): Polish Валюта: Zloty Основные города: Lodz, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznañ Национальный(ые) прадник(и): Constitution Day, 3 May (1791); Independence Day, 11 November (1918) Глава государства: Aleksander Kwasniewski (President) Низшая точка: Raczki Elblaskie(-2 m) Высшая точка: Rysy (2,499 m) Место в рейтинге ФИФА (15 мая 2002 года): Примечание: Poland was the birthplace of world-renowned composer Frйdйric Chopin Состав команды Тренер: ENGEL Jerzy /POL, тренер/ Игроки: BAK Arkadiusz /POL, полузащитник/, BAK Jacek /POL, защитник/, DUDEK Jerzy /POL, вратарь/, GLOWACKI Arkadiusz /POL, защитник/, HAJTO Tomasz /POL, защитник/, KALUZNY Radoslaw /POL, полузащитник/, KLOS Tomasz /POL, защитник/, KOZMINSKI Marek /POL, полузащитник/, KRYSZALOWICZ Pawel /POL, нападающий/, KRZYNOWEK Jacek /POL, полузащитник/, KUCHARSKI Cezary /POL, нападающий/, MAJDAN Radoslaw /POL, вратарь/, MATYSEK Adam /POL, вратарь/, MURAWSKI Maciej /POL, полузащитник/, OLISADEBE Emmanuel /POL, нападающий/, RZASA Tomasz /POL, полузащитник/, SIBIK Pawel /POL, полузащитник/, SWIERCZEWSKI Piotr /POL, полузащитник/, WALDOCH Tomasz /POL, защитник/, ZEWLAKOW Marcin /POL, нападающий/, ZEWLAKOW Michal /POL, защитник/, ZIELINSKI Jacek /POL, защитник/, ZURAWSKI Maciej /POL, нападающий/ * Рейтинг среди 32-х команд-участниц "2002 FIFA World Cup" -
10 Section II. Concluding and Transitional Provisions
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide referendum.The day of the nationwide referendum of December 12, 1993 shall be considered to be the day of adopting the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Simultaneously The Constitution of Russia (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, adopted on April 12, 1978 with all amendments and changes, shall become invalid. In case of non-compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Federal treaty – the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Sovereign Republics within the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Territories, Regions, Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Autonomous Region, and Autonomous Areas within the Russian Federation, and also other treaties concluded between the federal bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, treaties between the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be applicable. 2. The laws and other legal acts acting in the territory of the Russian Federation before the given Constitution comes into force shall be applied in that part which does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. 3. The President of the Russian Federation, elected according to The Constitution of Russia (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, since the given Constitution comes into force, since carry out the powers fixed in it until the term of office for which he was elected expires. 4. The Council of Ministers (Government) of the Russian Federation from the moment when the given Constitution comes into force shall acquire the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian Federation fixed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and since then shall be called the Government of the Russian Federation. 5. The courts of the Russian Federation shall administer justice according to their powers fixed by the given Constitution. After the Constitution comes into force, the judges of all the courts of the Russian Federation shall retain their powers until the term they were elected for expires. Vacant positions shall be filled in according to the rules fixed by the given Constitution. 6. Until the adoption and coming into force of the federal law establishing the rules for considering cases by a court of jury, the existing rules of court examination of corresponding cases shall be preserved. Until the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation is brought into conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution, the previous rules for arrest, detention and keeping in custody of people suspected of committing crime shall be preserved. 7. The Council of the Federation of the first convocation and the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for a period of two years. 8. The Council of the Federation shall meet in its first sitting on the thirtieth day after its election. The first sitting of the Council of the Federation shall be opened by the President of the Russian Federation. 9. A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may be simultaneously a member of the Government of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the present Constitution on the immunity of deputies in that part which concerns the actions (inaction) connected with fulfillment of office duties shall not extend to the deputies of the State Duma, members of the Government of the Russian Federation. The deputies of the Council of the Federation of the first convocation shall exercise their powers on a non-permanent basis. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Раздел II. Заключительные и переходные положения[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Abschnitt II. Die Schluss- und Uebergangsbestimmungen[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Titre II. Les Dispositions finales et transitoires[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Section II. Concluding and Transitional Provisions
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11 Article 17
1. In the Russian Federation recognition and guarantees shall be provided for the rights and freedoms of man and citizen according to the universally recognized principles and norms of international law and according to the present Constitution.2. Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and shall be enjoyed by everyone since the day of birth. 3. The exercise of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen shall not violate the rights and freedoms of other people. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 17[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 17[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 17[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 17
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12 Article 99
1. The Federal Assembly shall work on a permanent basis.2. The State Duma shall be convened at its first sitting on the thirtieth day after the elections. The President of the Russian Federation may convene a sitting of the State Duma earlier then the mentioned time. 3. The first sitting of the State Duma shall be opened by the oldest deputy. 4. Since the time the State Duma of a new convocation begins to work the mandate of the State Duma of the previous convocation shall expire. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 99[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 99[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 99[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 99
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13 ownership
•• * Из многочисленных слов семантического поля, к которому относится это слово, ownership является, пожалуй, самым широким и сложным по значению. Глагол to own обозначает собственность как возможность контролировать, распоряжаться чем-то. Отсюда, например, употребление этого слова в идущей в США дискуссии о частичной приватизации пенсионной системы (у нас это уже сделали без всякой дискуссии). Пример – из комментария пресс-секретаря Белого дома о разосланных по электронной почте тезисах по проблеме будущего американской пенсионной системы:
•• White House spokesman Scott McClellan said the e-mail was sent Monday to “ opinion leaders” to lay out “the challenges we face and the importance of seizing this opportunity to strengthen Social Security for our children and grandchildren and provide them with some ownership over their retirement savings.” -...дать нашим детям и внукам возможность контролировать часть своих пенсионных накоплений.
•• Можно, наверное, сказать быть собственниками части своих пенсионных накоплений, но тогда может возникнуть вопрос – а разве человек не является фактическим собственником той части пенсионных накоплений, которая находится в государственном пенсионном фонде?
•• Далее в «январских тезисах» – ownership society:
•• “At the end of the day, we want to promote both an ownership society and advance the idea of limited government,” the e-mail said.
•• Здесь значения собственность, ответственность и контроль настолько слитны, что выбрать вариант перевода для словаря не так просто. В данном контексте я предпочел бы не общество собственников, а общество личной ответственности или даже общество самостоятельных людей.
•• Большие трудности вызывает словосочетание country ownership, широко употребляемое в международных организациях, например, в таком контексте: efforts to encourage country ownership of programs and projects. Когда один из участников переводческого форума задал вопрос о переводе этого словосочетания, последовала немедленная реакция: «Похоже, международные бюрократы опять породили какую-то абстрактную химеру. Раньше все говорили про empowerment, тоже кстати трудно переводимый». Однако это выражение встречается не только у «международных бюрократов». Конечно, все что угодно выглядит плохо при неправильном или неумеренном употреблении. Но сейчас слово ownership в модном или близком к нему значении используется и очень хорошими публицистами. Вот пример из статьи одного из лучших, обозревателя газеты International Herald Tribune Уильяма Пфаффа:
•• If in the Security Council, the Bush administration refuses even a symbolic transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqis ( as demanded by Old Europe), and refuses to cede any political authority over the occupation to the UN, Washington will continue to enjoy exclusive ownership of this problem – with all of its risks and its current $87 billion-plus cost to the American taxpayer.
•• Здесь, как и во многих других случаях употребления этого слова, наиболее подходящий вариант перевода – ответственность:
•• <...> Вашингтон будет и впредь нести исключительную ответственность за эту проблему со всеми ее рискованными последствиями и ценой свыше 87 миллиардов долларов, которую заплатит американский налогоплательщик.
•• Сам же термин появился лет пять-семь назад в связи с деятельностью ПРООН. Речь идет о том, что страны, в которых осуществляются программы или проекты ООН, не должны выступать лишь в роли получателя помощи, а должны иметь реальную возможность влиять на ход работы. Кроме вариантов ответственность стран/ национальная ответственность, переводчиками ООН предлагались также заинтересованное/деятельное участие стран, искренняя заинтересованность стран, причастность и т. д.
•• Примеры употребления этого слова наводят на мысль о том, что мода на него связана с некоторой лакуной в английском языке: отсутствием дифференциации в слове independence – это и независимость (прежде всего политическая), и самостоятельность. Такая недифференцированность заставляет пишущих искать другие слова. Во многих случаях контекстуальные варианты со словами самостоятельно, самостоятельность могут подойти в переводе. Пример из статьи в Los Angeles Times:
•• Once established, the assembly would assign a commission to prepare Iraq’s new constitution. With nationwide town hall meetings providing a forum for grass-roots participation in debating and modifying the constitution, the process would enable the Iraqi people to have ownership of the outcome.
•• Здесь, пожалуй, возможны варианты со словами причастность, контроль, но ближе всего к намерению автора – позволит иракскому народу самостоятельно определять результат этого процесса. Несколько вольнее – чувствовать себя хозяином своей судьбы (здесь теряется outcome, а это существенно).
•• (Кстати, town hall meetings – как видим, это словосочетание употребляется не только как чисто американская реалия. Вполне адекватным в данном случае мне кажется вариант собрание общественности.)
•• Еще один пример того, что слово ownership встречается не только в специфическом «международно-чиновничьем» употреблении и не только в сочетании country ownership и может закономерно, как выразился бы Я.И. Рецкер, переводиться при помощи русских слов самостоятельность или контроль, – высказывание министра иностранных дел Иордании, процитированное в журнале Newsweek:
•• Reform is needed in the Arab world, we agree on that. But for it to work, we need ownership of the process, not a one-for-all blueprint from Washington. – Мы должны иметь контроль над этим процессом или Нам нужна самостоятельность в рамках этого процесса, а не стандартное решение, навязываемое Вашингтоном.
•• Кроме country ownership есть еще и total ownership. Вот замечательный фрагмент из книги Боба Вудворда Plan of Attack:
•• Monday, Jan. 13, Powell and Bush met in the Oval Office. The president was sitting in his regular chair in front of the fireplace, and the secretary was in the chair reserved for the visiting leader or most senior U.S. official. For once, neither Cheney nor Rice was hovering.
•• <...> The president said he had made up his mind on war. The United States should go to war.
•• “You’re sure?” Powell asked.
•• Yes, said Bush.
•• “ You understand the consequences,” Powell said in a half question. <...> “You know that you’re going to be owning this place?” Powell said, reminding Bush of what he had told him at a dinner the previous August in which Powell had made the case against military action in Iraq. An invasion would mean assuming the hopes, aspirations and all the troubles of Iraq. Powell wasn’t sure whether Bush had fully understood the meaning and consequences of total ownership.
•• But I think I have to do this, the president said.
•• Right, Powell said.
•• You’re going to be owning this place – русское слово владеть здесь совсем не подходит. Видимо, фразу Пауэлла можно было бы, учитывая последующее, перевести так: Вы понимаете, что будете отвечать за все? Total ownership – полная ответственность.
•• Вообще мало что так способствует обогащению языка, как полемика по острым политическим проблемам. В США главной из них в последние годы, безусловно, является иракская война. Среди языковых новаций, связанных с ней, – the Pottery Barn rule.
•• Цитирую по National Public Radio ту же книгу Вудворда Plan of Attack:
•• According to a new book by Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward, Powell was supportive of the war in public in an effort to win international support. But he was also concerned about the complications of a war. Woodward wrote that behind the scenes, Powell used language from one of Tom Friedman’s columns in referring to the “ Pottery Barn rule” of foreign policy. That is: “you break it, you own it.”
•• ( Pottery Barn – магазин типа «для дома, для семьи», среди прочего торгует керамикой, посудой, стеклом. Таким образом, Pottery Barn rule – что-то вроде правила посудной лавки). Смысл «правила» вроде бы прост: разбил – плати. Однако не все так просто – и в жизни, и в переводе.
•• Автор статьи в Washington Post Уильям Распбери, упомянув это «правило» (the so-called Pottery Barn rule invoked by Secretary of State Colin Powell in his prewar advice to President Bush), дальше пишет: And what, finally, of the “ you break it, you own it” imperative ( which Pottery Barn says is not its policy)?
•• Проверка в Интернете подтверждает, что магазин ни при чем:
•• Responding to Colin Powell’s use of the phrase “The Pottery Barn Rule” to refer to the rule “You break it, you own it,” Williams-Sonoma, parent of Pottery Barn, has issued a press release stating that its policy is in fact to write-down breakage. Более того: The State Department <...> issued a statement yesterday indicating that it did not intend to cast aspersions on the Pottery Barn mark.
•• Да и перевод плати при ближайшем рассмотрении оказывается не лучшим вариантом, ведь Пауэлл имел в виду не только чисто финансовые последствия, но и то, что, пойдя на военные действия, администрация берет на себя ответственность за целую страну. Итак, перевод Разбил – плати верен лишь отчасти. Хотя слово платить имеет и переносный смысл (отвечать за последствия), в переводе этой фразы лучше так и сказать: Разбил/сломал – отвечай ( за последствия).
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14 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
15 delicate
ˈdelɪkɪt прил.
1) а) изысканный, тонкий, утонченный б) вежливый, деликатный, учтивый We were both too delicate to communicate what we felt to each other upon the occasion. ≈ Мы оба были слишком тактичны, чтобы открыть друг другу свои чувства в тот раз. ∙ Syn: delightful, charming, pleasant, nice,
2) а) искусный, изящный, тонкий ( о произведении, деле, работе) My chief reason for quoting these delicate lines. ≈ Основная причина, по которой я цитирую эти изысканные строки. б) тонкий, острый( о слухе) в) чувствительный (в частности, о приборе) Let us learn then to have a delicate conscience. ≈ Так давайте научим нашу совесть тонко чувствовать. ∙ Syn: fine
3) о цвете а) нежный Their women are white, having black hair and a most delicate skin. ≈ Женщины у них черноволосые и с исключительно нежной белой кожей. б) блеклый Syn: soft, tender, subdued
4) щекотливый, деликатный, непростой( о ситуации) His mission was a delicate one. ≈ Задание у него было не из простых.
5) хрупкий, болезненный, слабый (в частности, о здоровье) But trout are so delicate that they will not keep, and must be eaten the day they are caught. ≈ Но форель очень нежная рыба, она плохо хранится, поэтому ее надо есть в тот же день, когда она поймана. be in delicate condition Syn: tender, fragile
6) вкусный, изысканный;
деликатесный Horseflesh was the most delicate of all the Tartar viands in the times we are now considering. ≈ Во времена, о которых мы сейчас говорим, самым изысканным мясным деликатесом у татар была конина. Syn: dainty деликатес утонченный, изысканный, тонкий - * taste изысканный /тонкий/ вкус - * mind возвышенный ум - * style изысканный /отточенный, филигранный/ стиль - * hint тонкий намек - * wine вино с тонким букетом изящный;
сделанный со вкусом;
искусный - * casket изящная шкатулка - * workmanship тонкая /филигранная/ работа - * operation виртуозная операция - * lace тонкие кружева - * figure стройная /точеная, хрупкая/ фигура - * web of the spider тончайшая паутина хрупкий;
требующий осторожного обращения;
слабый, болезненный - * skin нежная кожа - * plant нежное растение - * china хрупкий фарфор - * health слабое здоровье - * constitution хрупкое телосложение - * child болезненный ребенок - to be in * health быть слабого здоровья нежный;
слабый;
едва уловимый - * odour нежный запах - * flavour неуловимый аромат - * shade of blue мягкий оттенок голубого - * differences тонкие различия - * irony легкая ирония - * touch осторожное прикосновение;
(музыкальное) бархатное туше (высоко) чувствительный, тонкий;
точный - * instrument тонкий прибор - * adjustment тонкая настройка - * balance чувствительные весы острый, тонкий;
чувствительный - * ear острый слух - to have a * ear for music иметь тонкий музыкальный слух щекотливый, затруднительный - * subject щекотливая тема - * stage in negotiations трудный /сложный/ этап переговоров - that's a * affair это тонкое дело;
здесь надо действовать умно( устаревшее) "деликатный", "интересный" - to be in a * condition /in a * state of health/ быть в (интересном) положении деликатный, учтивый, тактичный;
вежливый - * manners учтивые манеры - a conversation which is not exactly * (несколько) грубоватый разговор приятный на вкус, вкусный;
легкий - * dish вкусное блюдо - * food легкая пища delicate деликатный, учтивый, вежливый ~ изысканный ~ изящный ~ искусный (о работе) ;
изящный, тонкий ~ искусный ~ нежный;
блеклый (о красках и т. п.) ~ тонкий, острый (о слухе) ~ тонкий ~ утонченный ~ утонченный, изысканный, тонкий ~ хрупкий, болезненный;
слабый (о здоровье) ~ чувствительный (о приборе) ~ щекотливый, затруднительный (о положении)Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > delicate
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16 water
1) вода2) объём воды; расход4) обводнять6) мочить; замачивать; смачивать8) водоём•to go to water — обводняться (о скважине, месторождении, добыча нефти в которых в результате этого становится нерентабельной)-
absorbed water
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acid waste water
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acid water
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activated water
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adhesive water
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adsorbed water
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aerated water
-
aggressive water
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ammonia water
-
apportioned water
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artesian water
-
atmospheric water
-
available water
-
bleed water
-
boiler water
-
boiling water
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borated water
-
bottom water
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bound water
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brackish water
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capillary water
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carbonate water
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cavern water
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char sweet water
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chemically pure water
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chlorinated water
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circulating water
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clarified water
-
cleaning purposes water
-
clear sweet water
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clear water
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colliery water
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Cologne water
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combined water
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compensation water
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condensate water
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condenser water
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condensing water
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conductivity water
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confined water
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conservation water
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constitution water
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contaminated water
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cooking water
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cook water
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cooling water
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corrosive water
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crystallization water
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crystal water
-
day water
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dead water
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deaerated water
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deep water
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degassed water
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deionized water
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delivery water
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demineralized water
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dentifrice water
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desalinized water
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desiliconized water
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desilting water
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dirty sweet water
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discharge water
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distilled water
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domestic water
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downstream water
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drain water
-
drilling water
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drinking water
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dystrophic water
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effective snowmelt water
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effluent water
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electronic-grade water
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electronic water
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emergency core cooling water
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entrained water
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eutrophic water
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excessive tail water
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exchange water
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exportable water
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feed water
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fixed water
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floral water
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flowing water
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flushing water
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flush water
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formation water
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foul water
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free water
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fruit soda water
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glue water
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gravitational water
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gray water
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gutter water
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hard water
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head water
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heavy water
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high water
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hydrothermal water
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hygroscopic water
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ice-congested water
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imported water
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impounding water
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industrial water
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infected water
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influent water
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intercepted water
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intermediate water
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interstitial water
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irreducible water
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irregular temporary water
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irrigation water
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land water
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leakage water
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lenthic water
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light water
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lime water
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lockage water
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loose water
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lothic water
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low water
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main water
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makeup water
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manufacturing water
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mashing water
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melt water
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melting water
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meteoric water
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middle water
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mine water
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mineral water
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mineralized water
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mixing water
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mud makeup water
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muddy water
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narrow water
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navigable water
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nonartesian water
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noncirculating water
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nonflashing water
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nonmoving water
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nonpotable water
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nonradioactive water
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offshore water
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onsite water
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open water
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ordinary water
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overflow water
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overinhibited water
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oversill water
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oxygenated water
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oxygenless water
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peptone water
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perched water
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percolating water
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phreatic water
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piped water
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polluted water
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potable water
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precipitation water
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pressure water
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pretreated water
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process water
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produced water
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project water
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pulp water
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pulp-press water
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pure water
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quenching water
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radioactive water
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raw water
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reactor water
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recirculated water
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recreation water
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recycled water
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regeneration water
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residual water
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residuary water
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restricted water
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return water
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reuse water
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rinse water
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rose water
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running water
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saline water
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salt water
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sample water
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sanitary water
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saturated water
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saturation-pressure water
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scale-producing water
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sediment-laden water
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seepage water
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service water
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sewage water
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shallow tail water
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shielding water
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shoaling water
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silica-free water
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silt-free water
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silt-laden water
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slope water
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sludging water
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sluice water
-
smooth water
-
snow water
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soaking water
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soft water
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softened water
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soil water
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solid water
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source water
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spill water
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spilling water
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spray water
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stagnant water
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steeping water
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steep water
-
still water
-
storage water
-
storm water
-
subcooled water
-
subsoil water
-
subsurface water
-
supercritical water
-
surface water
-
surplus water
-
suspended water
-
sweet water
-
table water
-
tail water
-
tank water
-
tap water
-
temporary water
-
thermally enriched water
-
thickened water
-
tie water
-
toilet water
-
top water
-
total precipitable water
-
town water
-
treated water
-
trypton water
-
turbid water
-
ultrapure water
-
underground water
-
underscreen water
-
upgrade water
-
upstream water
-
versatile hardness water
-
wash water
-
waste water
-
water of reaction
-
water of zero hardness
-
whirling water
-
white water -
17 water
1. вода 2. англ. озеро; заводь 3. шотл. река 4. шотл. берег (реки или озера)
water of compaction вода уплотнения
water of condensation конденсационная вода
water of constitution химически связанная вода
water of crystallization кристаллизационная вода
water of dehydration дегидратационная вода
water of dilation вода пересыщения
water of hydration гидратная вода
water of imbibition 1. поглощённая вода 2. вода насыщения
water of large head вода под большим гидростатическим напором
water of retention вода, удерживаемая породой, реликтовая [погребённая] вода
water of saturation вода насыщения
water of supersaturation вода перенасыщения
abrasive water абразивная вода
absorbed water абсорбционная [поглощённая] вода
active water корродирующая [активная] вода
adhesive water плёночная вода
adsorbed water адсорбционная [поглощённая] вода
aerated water аэрированная вода
aggressive water агрессивная вода
alkaline water щелочная вода
argic water вода зоны аэрации ниже почвенных вод
artesian water артезианская вода
ascending water восходящая вода
atmospheric water атмосферная вода
attached water связанная вода
available water доступная вода
basal water главная масса подземных вод, перемещающаяся совместно с солёными водами (при гидродинамическом равновесии)
bottom water 1. придонная вода 3. нижняя вода (вода, залегающая непосредственно под нефтеносным или газоносным пластами)
bound water связанная вода
brackish water солоноватая вода
branch water вода небольшой речки или рукава реки
broken water бурун
capillary water капиллярная вода
cavern water карстовая вода
central water центральная вода
chalybeate water железистая вода
chemical water гидратная вода
circulating water подземная циркулирующая вода
clear water чистая вода
combined water связанная вода
come water непрерывно и регулярно поступающая в рудник вода (из старых разработок или из водоносных пород)
condensation water конденсационная вода
connate water реликтовая вода
continuous water непрерывно текущая вода
Copenhagen water стандартная морская вода
cosmic water космическая вода (в метеоритах)
courant water вода потоков и ручьёв
crevice water вода из трещин
day water поверхностная вода
dead water стоячая вода
deep water глубинная вода
dehydration water дегидратационная вода
descending water нисходящая вода
downstream water нижний бьеф
drift water вода, несущая наносы
earth water жёсткая [известковая] вода
edge water краевая [контурная] вода
equatorial water экваториальная вода
film water плёночная вода
first water камень чистой воды
flood water паводковая вода
flowing water проточная вода
formation water формационная вода
fossil water ископаемая вода
free water свободная вода
fresh water пресная вода
fringe water вода капиллярной оболочки
funicular water фуникулярная вода (зоны аэрации)
gravitational water свободная вода
ground water грунтовая вода (см. тж. groundwater)
hard water жёсткая [известковая] вода
held — недренируемая вода
high water 1. паводок 2. прилив 3. полная вода
higher high water высокая полная вода
higher low water высокая малая вода
hydration water гидратная вода
hydrot hernial water гидротермальная вода
hydroxyl water гидроксильная вода
hygroscopic water гигроскопическая вода
hyperpiestic water самоизливающаяся артезианская вода
hypogene water гипогенная вода
hypopiestic water артезианская вода, не достигающая зеркала грунтовых вод
impounded water стоячая вода
Indian spring low water весенняя низкая вода
infiltration water инфильтрационная вода
inland waters внутренние воды
inshore water прибрежная вода
intermediate water промежуточная вода
intermediate vadose water гравитационная вода зоны аэрации
internal water глубинная вода
internal primitive water глубинная первичная вода
internal resurgent water глубинная возобновлённая вода
interstitial water поровая вода
invading waters вторгающиеся воды
juvenile water ювенильная вода
kremastic water см. vadose water
lagging water медленно текущая вода
land water поверхностная вода, вода суши
leakage water просачивающаяся вода
lithia water литиевая вода
low water 1. межень 2. отлив 3. малая вода
lower high water низкая полная вода
lower low water низкая малая вода
magmatic water магматическая вода
mean high water 1. средняя высота прилива 2. средний уровень полных вод
mean higher high water средний уровень высоких полных вод
mean low water средний уровень малых вод
mean lower low water средний уровень низких малых вод
mesohaline water вода средней солёности
metamorphic water метаморфическая вода
meteoric — метеорная [атмосферная] вода, подземная вода атмосферного происхождения
middle water междупластовая вода
mine waters шахтные [рудничные] воды
mineral water минеральная вода
mixed water 1. вода магматического и метеорного происхождения 2. природная вода, богатая хлором и сульфатом
mobile water мобильная [подвижная] вода
mother water маточный раствор
muddy water вода, содержащая илистый материал
muskeg water болотная вода
native [natural] water природная вода
noncirculating water стоячая вода
normal water стандартная морская вода
ocean water вода океана, морская вода
offshore water вода дальнего прибрежья
oil-field waters воды нефтяных месторождений
oligohaline water малосолёная вода
open water 1. открытая вода, полынья 2. поверхностная вода
outcrop water просачивающаяся вода
overflow water избыточная [переливающаяся] вода
pellicular water плёночная вода
pendular water пендулярная вода (окружающая точки соприкосновения частиц пород или почв)
percolating water просачивающаяся вода
permanent water постоянный источник
permanent perched water постоянная подвешенная вода
phreatic water фреатическая вода
piestic waters артезианские воды
plerotic waters плеротические воды
plutonic waters глубинные ювенильные воды
polyhaline water полигалинная вода (вода, содержащая различные соли)
pore water поровая вода potable water питьевая вода
precipitated water вода атмосферных осадков
pressure water напорная вода
primary water первичная вода
primitive water первозданная вода
quarry water карьерная вода
rejuvenated water возрождённая вода
retained water удерживаемая вода
return waters возвратные воды
river water речная вода
running water проточная вода
saline [salt] water солёная вода
scale-producing water вода, дающая котельный камень, жёсткая вода
sea water морская вода
second water камень нечистой (второй) воды
secondary water вторичная вода
seepage water фильтрационная вода
sejunction water несвязанная вода
shallow [shoal] water мелководье, мелкая вода, вода прибойной зоны
slack water 1. стоячая вода, заводь 2. время между приливом и отливом 3. приливное течение при очень малой скорости или скорости равной нулю
slime waters шламовые воды
snow water снеговая талая вода
soft water мягкая вода
soil water почвенная вода
solfataric water сольфатарная вода, вода, содержащая сернистый водород
sorption water плёночная вода
spring water 1, ключевая [родниковая] вода 2. вешняя вода
stagnant water запруженная [стоячая] вода
storm water прямой сток (сток, достигающий речных русел немедленно после ливней или снеготаяния); ливневая вода
stratified water слоистая вода (стоячая вода, для которой характерны слои разной температуры и солёности)
stream water водный поток
subglacial water подледниковая вода
subpermafrost water подмерзлотная вода
subsiding water отступающая вода
subsoil water подпочвенная вода
subsurface [subterranean] water подповерхностная [подземная] вода
sulfur water серная [сероводородная] вода
supergene water супергенная [гипергенная] вода
suprapermafrost water надмерзлотная вода
surface water поверхностная вода
suspended water см. vadose water
swamp water болотная вода
sweet water пресная вода
tail water нижний бьеф
telluric water теллурическая вода
temporary waters временные [сезонные] воды, верховодка
territorial waters территориальные воды
thawing water талая вода
thermal water термальная вода
third water камень нечистой (третьей) воды
top water см. upper water
underground water подповерхностная [подземная] вода
upper water верхняя вода (вода, залегающая над нефтеносным или газоносным пластами)
upstream water верхний бьеф, верховая вода
upwelling water восходящая вода, вода апвеллинга
vadose water вадозная [гравитационная, верхняя, подвешенная]вода
volcanic water вулканическая вода (вода, выделяющаяся из магмы на поверхности земли или близко к ней)
wandering water см. vadose water
waste water 1. pl. возвратные воды 2. вода из старых выработок 3. вода разлившегося водоёма
well water колодезная вода
* * * -
18 Congress
1) гос. упр., амер. конгресс (орган федеральной системы государственной власти, который разрабатывает законодательство и осуществляет надзор за политикой правительства; состоит из двух палат: сената и палаты представителей)Constitution grants the President the authority to summon the Congress for a special session if circumstances require. — В соответствии с конституцией президент имеет право при необходимости созывать специальную сессию конгресса.
At a joint session of Congress, the President called for support for his plan. — На совместной сессии конгресса президент призвал поддержать его план.
Syn:See:Act of Congress, governmental authority, Senate, House of Representatives, congressional budget, breach of privilege, impoundment resolution, Capitol, powers of Congress, Act of Congress, congressional government, Library of Congress, Congressional Member Organization, congressman, congressional page, Congressional Research Service, concurrent resolution, floor, budget resolution, backdoor financing, bipartisanship, breach of privilege, Congressional Budget Office, impoundment resolution, Althing, parliament, Oireachtas, adjournment, adjournment to a day certain, on-budget expenditure, joint resolution, parliamentarian 2), memorial 3) в), joint committee, lame-duck session, State of the Union, Government Printing Office, legislative system, General Court, General Assembly, congressional immunity2) пол. конгресс (в названиях некоторых общественных организаций, особенно профессиональных союзов и объединений) -
19 water
— drinking water— earthy water— internal origin water— karstic water— unavailable soil water -
20 admission to the Union
Население территории [ Territory] или штата [ state] должно высказаться в пользу такого решения и обратиться с соответствующей петицией в Конгресс США [ Congress, U.S.]. Конгресс может принять разрешающий акт [ enabling act], уполномочив территорию разработать свою конституцию. Это решение Конгресса подлежит утверждению президентом [ President, U.S.]. После приема в состав США новый штат обладает равными правами с другими штатами Союза [ Union]. Согласно Конституции США [ Constitution, U.S.], части территории уже существующих штатов или объединения существующих штатов не имеют права быть принятыми в состав США без согласия затрагиваемых данным актом штатов. Штаты не обладают конституционным правом выхода из состава СШАEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > admission to the Union
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